Lex Fridman Podcast

#477 – Keyu Jin: China’s Economy, Tariffs, Trade, Trump, Communism & Capitalism

Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China’s economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep477-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/keyu-jin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Keyu’s X: https://x.com/KeyuJin Keyu’s Website: https://keyujin.com/ The New China Playbook (Book): https://amzn.to/4lpgmyK SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. Go to https://alliocapital.com/ UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:26) – Misconceptions about China (12:57) – Education in China (22:14) – Economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping (27:33) – Mayor economy and GDP growth race (41:20) – Growing up in China (46:58) – First time in the US (51:12) – China’s government vs business sector (54:46) – Communism and capitalism (58:25) – Jack Ma (1:04:37) – China’s view on innovation and copying ideas (1:11:15) – DeepSeek moment (1:15:09) – CHIPS Act (1:16:56) – Tariffs and Trade (1:29:21) – Immigration (1:34:08) – Taiwan (1:39:54) – One-child policy (1:47:51) – China’s economy collapse predictions (1:52:34) – Advice for visiting China PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

117 min

#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Jack’s Books: https://amzn.to/3ISziZr Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4 Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1 SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. Go to https://alliocapital.com/ ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers. Go to https://zocdoc.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:44) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:44) – Origin story of Genghis Khan (52:30) – Early battles & conquests (1:05:11) – Power (1:07:33) – Secret History (1:20:58) – Mongolian steppe (1:24:16) – Mounted archery and horse-riding (1:32:36) – Genghis Khan’s army (1:48:49) – Military tactics and strategy (2:01:13) – Wars of conquest (2:05:37) – Dan Carlin (2:15:37) – Religious freedom (2:31:24) – Trade and the Silk Road (2:40:10) – Weapons innovation (2:41:40) – Kublai Khan and conquering China (3:23:31) – Fall of the Mongol Empire (3:50:26) – Genetic legacy (4:00:20) – Lessons from Genghis Khan (4:10:36) – Human nature (4:13:47) – Visiting Mongolia (4:33:15) – Lex: Dan Carlin (4:36:06) – Lex: Gaza PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

280 min

#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Demis’s X: https://x.com/demishassabis DeepMind’s X: https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind DeepMind’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind DeepMind’s Website: https://deepmind.google/ Gemini’s Website: https://gemini.google.com/ Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/ The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81 Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:40) – Learnable patterns in nature (12:22) – Computation and P vs NP (21:00) – Veo 3 and understanding reality (25:24) – Video games (37:26) – AlphaEvolve (43:27) – AI research (47:51) – Simulating a biological organism (52:34) – Origin of life (58:49) – Path to AGI (1:09:35) – Scaling laws (1:12:51) – Compute (1:15:38) – Future of energy (1:19:34) – Human nature (1:24:28) – Google and the race to AGI (1:42:27) – Competition and AI talent (1:49:01) – Future of programming (1:55:27) – John von Neumann (2:04:41) – p(doom) (2:09:24) – Humanity (2:12:30) – Consciousness and quantum computation (2:18:40) – David Foster Wallace (2:25:54) – Education and research PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

155 min

#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting

David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh DHH’s Website: https://dhh.dk/ Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/ 37signals: https://37signals.com/ DHH’s books: Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91 It Doesn’t Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:48) – Programming – early days (26:13) – JavaScript (36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ (44:19) – Ruby programming language (51:30) – Beautiful code (1:09:31) – Metaprogramming (1:12:52) – Dynamic typing (1:20:10) – Scaling (1:33:03) – Future of programming (1:50:34) – Future of AI (1:56:29) – Vibe coding (2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language (2:29:27) – Why managers are useless (2:38:48) – Small teams (2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos (3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic (3:07:58) – Case against retirement (3:15:15) – Hard work (3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud (3:24:04) – AWS (3:33:22) – Owning your own servers (3:39:35) – Elon Musk (3:49:17) – Apple (4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney (4:12:37) – Fatherhood (4:38:19) – Racing (5:05:23) – Cars (5:10:41) – Programming setup (5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners (5:39:09) – Open source (5:48:01) – WordPress drama (5:59:18) – Money and happiness (6:08:11) – Hope

0 min

#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/iran-war-debate-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Mark’s X: https://x.com/mdubowitz Mark’s Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/ Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow Scott’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow Scott’s Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/ Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/ Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/ Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:02) – Iran-Israel War (16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program (48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium (1:00:40) – Nuclear deal (1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive (1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future (2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer (2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future (3:08:46) – Libertarianism (3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) (3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process (3:42:08) – WW2 (3:55:08) – WW3

251 min

#472 – Terence Tao: Hardest Problems in Mathematics, Physics & the Future of AI

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Terence’s Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/ Terence’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27 Terence’s Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:49) – First hard problem (15:16) – Navier–Stokes singularity (35:25) – Game of life (42:00) – Infinity (47:07) – Math vs Physics (53:26) – Nature of reality (1:16:08) – Theory of everything (1:22:09) – General relativity (1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems (1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving (1:41:50) – Lean programming language (1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof (1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI (2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal (2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman (2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture (2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture (2:49:50) – P = NP (2:52:43) – Fields Medal (3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem (3:04:15) – Productivity (3:06:54) – Advice for young people (3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

204 min

#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet

Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep471-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/sundar-pichai-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Sundar’s X: https://x.com/sundarpichai Sundar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/sundarpichai Sundar’s Blog: https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/ Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/ Google’s YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Google SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (07:55) – Growing up in India (14:04) – Advice for young people (15:46) – Styles of leadership (20:07) – Impact of AI in human history (32:17) – Veo 3 and future of video (40:01) – Scaling laws (43:46) – AGI and ASI (50:11) – P(doom) (57:02) – Toughest leadership decisions (1:08:09) – AI mode vs Google Search (1:21:00) – Google Chrome (1:36:30) – Programming (1:43:14) – Android (1:48:27) – Questions for AGI (1:53:42) – Future of humanity (1:57:04) – Demo: Google Beam (2:04:46) – Demo: Google XR Glasses (2:07:31) – Biggest invention in human history PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

138 min

#470 – James Holland: World War II, Hitler, Churchill, Stalin & Biggest Battles

James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep470-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/james-holland-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: James’s Books: https://amzn.to/4caapmt James’s X: https://x.com/James1940 James’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/jamesholland1940 James’s Substack: https://james1940.substack.com WW2 Pod (Podcast – Apple): https://apple.co/4l93Dl3 WW2 Pod (Podcast – YouTube): https://www.youtube.com/@wehaveways WW2 Pod (Podcast – Spotify): https://open.spotify.com/show/34VlAepHmeloDD76RX4jtc WW2 Pod (Podcast – X): https://x.com/WeHaveWaysPod SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (07:25) – World War II (17:23) – Lebensraum and Hitler ideology (24:36) – Operation Barbarossa (40:49) – Hitler vs Europe (1:02:35) – Joseph Goebbels (1:12:29) – Hitler before WW2 (1:17:25) – Hitler vs Chamberlain (1:39:31) – Invasion of Poland (1:44:07) – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1:52:09) – Winston Churchill (2:16:09) – Most powerful military in WW2 (2:38:31) – Tanks (2:48:30) – Battle of Stalingrad (3:01:21) – Concentration camps (3:10:53) – Battle of Normandy (3:24:45) – Lessons from WW2 PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

211 min

#469 – Oliver Anthony: Country Music, Blue-Collar America, Fame, Money, and Pain

Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep469-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/oliver-anthony-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Oliver’s X: https://x.com/AintGottaDollar Oliver’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/oliver_anthony_music_ Oliver’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@oliveranthonymusic Oliver’s TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic Oliver’s Website: https://oliveranthonymusic.com/ Oliver’s FaceBook: https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/ Oliver’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:00) – Open mics (13:03) – Mainstream country music (22:10) – Fame (28:06) – Music vs politics (36:56) – Rich Men North of Richmond (47:06) – Popularity, money, and integrity (1:01:54) – Blue-collar people (1:13:57) – Depression (1:38:50) – Nature (2:01:26) – Three-legged cat (2:09:57) – I Want to Go Home (live performance) (2:13:36) – Guitar backstory (2:17:58) – Playing live this year PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

147 min

#468 – Janna Levin: Black Holes, Wormholes, Aliens, Paradoxes & Extra Dimensions

Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep468-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/janna-levin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Janna’s X: https://x.com/JannaLevin Janna’s Website: https://jannalevin.com Janna’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/jannalevin Janna’s Substack: https://substack.com/@jannalevin Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5 Black Hole Blues (book): https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE How the Universe Got Its Spots (book): https://amzn.to/4m5De8k A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines (book): https://amzn.to/3GGakvd SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:21) – Black holes (16:55) – Formation of black holes (27:45) – Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb (34:08) – Inside the black hole (47:10) – Supermassive black holes (50:39) – Physics of spacetime (53:42) – General relativity (59:13) – Gravity (1:15:47) – Information paradox (1:24:17) – Fuzzballs & soft hair (1:27:28) – ER = EPR (1:34:07) – Firewall (1:42:59) – Extra dimensions (1:45:24) – Aliens (2:01:00) – Wormholes (2:11:57) – Dark matter and dark energy (2:22:00) – Gravitational waves (2:34:08) – Alan Turing and Kurt Godel (2:46:23) – Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao (2:52:58) – Art and science (3:02:37) – The biggest mystery PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

187 min

#467 – Tim Sweeney: Fortnite, Unreal Engine, and the Future of Gaming

Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep467-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/tim-sweeney-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Tim’s X: https://x.com/timsweeneyepic Epic Games: https://epicgames.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (08:25) – 10,000 hours programming (11:42) – Advice for young programmers (19:54) – Video games in the 80s and 90s (22:02) – Epic Games origin story (34:40) – Indie game development (40:34) – Unreal Engine (1:06:30) – Technical details of Unreal Engine (1:11:23) – Constructive solid geometry (1:17:21) – Dynamic lighting (1:21:51) – Volumetric fog (1:25:19) – John Carmack (1:27:05) – Evolution of Unreal Engine (1:33:21) – Unreal Engine 5 (1:44:32) – Creating realistic humans (1:53:41) – Lumen global illumination (1:58:11) – Movies (2:12:53) – Simulating reality (2:25:08) – Metaverse (2:27:44) – Fortnite (2:31:40) – Scaling (2:47:04) – Game economies (2:48:33) – Standardizing the Metaverse (2:56:46) – Verse programming language (3:18:19) – Concurrency (3:25:56) – Unreal Engine 6 (3:30:34) – Indie game developers (3:33:32) – Apple (3:48:12) – Epic Games Store (4:11:03) – Future of gaming (4:17:03) – Greatest games ever made (4:22:39) – GTA 6 and Rockstar Games (4:25:58) – Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

0 min

#466 – Jeffrey Wasserstrom: China, Xi Jinping, Trade War, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mao

Jeffrey Wasserstrom is a historian of modern China. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep466-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jeffrey-wasserstrom-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Jeffrey Wasserstrom’s Books: China in the 21st Century: https://amzn.to/3GnayXT Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink: https://amzn.to/4jmxWmT Oxford History of Modern China: https://amzn.to/3RAJ9nI The Milk Tea Alliance: https://amzn.to/42DLapH SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:06) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:29) – Xi Jinping and Mao Zedong (13:57) – Confucius (21:27) – Education (29:33) – Tiananmen Square (40:49) – Tank Man (50:49) – Censorship (1:26:45) – Xi Jinping (1:44:53) – Donald Trump (1:48:47) – Trade war (2:01:35) – Taiwan (2:11:48) – Protests in Hong Kong (2:44:07) – Mao Zedong (3:05:48) – Future of China PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

194 min

#465 – Robert Rodriguez: Sin City, Desperado, El Mariachi, Alita, and Filmmaking

Robert Rodriguez is a legendary filmmaker and creator of Sin City, El Mariachi, Desperado, Spy Kids, Machete, From Dusk Till Dawn, Alita: Battle Angel, The Faculty, and his newest venture Brass Knuckle Films. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep465-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/robert-rodriguez-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Robert’s X: https://x.com/rodriguez Robert’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/rodriguez/ Brass Knuckle Films: https://brassknucklefilms.com/ Rebel without a Crew (book): https://amzn.to/3G7gtQJ Rebel without a Crew (audiobook): https://amzn.to/3Ri5wyc SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:04) – Explosions and having only one take (17:39) – Success and failure (26:28) – Filmmaking on a low budget (38:41) – El Mariachi (50:10) – Creativity (1:12:06) – Limitations (1:18:22) – Handling criticism (1:34:32) – Action films (1:45:53) – Quentin Tarantino (1:55:52) – Desperado (1:56:54) – Salma Hayek (2:01:40) – Danny Trejo (2:06:55) – Filming in Austin (2:13:05) – Editing (2:22:35) – Sound design (2:27:43) – Deadlines (2:31:14) – Alita: Battle Angel (2:39:36) – James Cameron (2:52:39) – Sin City (3:06:48) – Manifesting (3:18:12) – Memories and journaling (3:27:56) – Mortality PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

215 min

#464 – Dave Smith: Israel, Ukraine, Epstein, Mossad, Conspiracies & Antisemitism

Dave Smith is a comedian, libertarian, political commentator, and the host of Part of the Problem podcast. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep464-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dave-smith-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Dave’s X: https://x.com/ComicDaveSmith Dave’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/DSmithcomic Dave’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/theproblemdavesmith Dave’s Website: https://comicdavesmith.com/ Part of the Problem Podcast: https://partoftheproblem.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. Go to https://callofduty.com/warzone Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:10) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:32) – Libertarianism (10:47) – Ron Paul (13:59) – Military–industrial complex (20:53) – War on Terror (33:12) – China and Taiwan (41:00) – Just war theory (48:09) – Israel and Gaza (1:05:35) – Douglas Murray (1:13:29) – Hamas (1:29:48) – Hitler and Stalin (1:32:01) – Darryl Cooper (1:41:13) – Antisemitism (1:54:46) – World leaders (2:07:21) – Jeffrey Epstein (2:15:24) – Sam Harris (2:28:07) – Ukraine and Russia (2:47:32) – Joe Rogan (3:00:01) – Conspiracy theories (3:17:52) – Hope PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

207 min

#463 – Douglas Murray: Putin, Zelenskyy, Trump, Israel, Netanyahu, Hamas & Gaza

Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep463-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/douglas-murray-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Douglas’s X: https://x.com/DouglasKMurray Douglas’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@douglasmurray Douglas’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray Douglas’s Website: https://douglasmurray.net On Democracies and Death Cults (book): https://amzn.to/4jahsxL The War on the West (book): https://amzn.to/38L7B36 SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. Go to https://callofduty.com/warzone Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (02:04) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:31) – War in Ukraine (13:17) – Trump and Zelenskyy (27:47) – Putin (48:40) – Peace (58:31) – Zelenskyy (1:13:11) – Israel-Palestine (1:23:57) – Hamas (1:38:30) – Corruption (1:41:40) – Gaza (2:02:18) – Benjamin Netanyahu (2:19:29) – Hate (2:43:59) – Iran (2:54:48) – Interview advice (3:09:12) – War PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

196 min

#462 – Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson: Politics, Trump, AOC, Elon & DOGE

Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep462-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ezra-klein-and-derek-thompson-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Abundance (new book): https://amzn.to/4iZ1S8J Ezra’s X: https://x.com/ezraklein/ Ezra’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/ezraklein Ezra’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein Derek’s X: https://x.com/dkthomp Plain English (podcast): https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson The Atlantic: https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. Go to https://callofduty.com/warzone LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (03:17) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:33) – Left-wing vs right-wing politics (19:54) – Political leaders on the left and the right (44:29) – Internal political divisions (47:29) – AOC (58:50) – Political realignment (1:10:32) – Supply-side progressivism (1:17:42) – Wealth redistribution (1:27:50) – Housing problem (1:44:09) – Regulation and deregulation (2:00:43) – DOGE, Elon, and Trump (2:59:46) – Sam Harris (3:09:24) – Future of America PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

0 min

#461 – ThePrimeagen: Programming, AI, ADHD, Productivity, Addiction, and God

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sc See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: ThePrimeagen’s X: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen ThePrimeagen’s Twitch: https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen’s GitHub: https://github.com/theprimeagen ThePrimeagen’s TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen ThePrimeagen’s Coffee: https://www.terminal.shop/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:27) – Love for programming (20:00) – Hardest part of programming (22:16) – Types of programming (29:54) – Life story (39:58) – Hardship (41:29) – High school (47:15) – Porn addiction (57:01) – God (1:12:44) – Perseverance (1:22:40) – Netflix (1:35:08) – Groovy (1:40:13) – Printf() debugging (1:46:35) – Falcor (1:56:05) – Breaking production (1:58:49) – Pieter Levels (2:03:19) – Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure (2:15:22) – ThePrimeagen origin story (2:30:37) – Learning programming languages (2:39:40) – Best programming languages in 2025 (2:44:35) – Python (2:45:15) – HTML & CSS (2:46:05) – Bash (2:46:45) – FFmpeg (2:53:28) – Performance (2:56:00) – Rust (3:00:48) – Epic projects (3:14:12) – Asserts (3:23:26) – ADHD (3:31:34) – Productivity (3:35:58) – Programming setup (4:11:28) – Coffee (4:18:32) – Programming with AI (5:01:16) – Advice for young programmers (5:12:48) – Reddit questions (5:20:20) – God PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

330 min

#460 – Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India – Power, Democracy, War & Peace

Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep460-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/narendra-modi-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Narendra Modi’s X: https://x.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi’s Website: https://narendramodi.in/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (17:24) – Fasting (29:42) – Early life (41:38) – Advice to Young People (47:20) – Journey in the Himalayas (58:50) – Becoming a monk (1:00:37) – RSS and Hindu nationalism (1:08:22) – Explaining India (1:12:32) – Mahatma Gandhi (1:24:27) – Path to peace in Ukraine (1:27:41) – India and Pakistan (1:33:21) – Cricket and Football (1:37:45) – Donald Trump (1:48:56) – China and Xi Jinping (1:56:01) – Gujarat riots in 2002 (2:11:37) – Biggest democracy in the world (2:21:53) – Power (2:26:39) – Hard work (2:29:46) – Srinivasa Ramanujan (2:31:53) – Decision-making process (2:39:40) – AI (2:49:55) – Education (3:00:10) – Learning and focus (3:06:01) – Mantra (3:07:45) – Meditation (3:13:43) – Lex visiting India (3:18:08) – Siddhartha

206 min

#459 – DeepSeek, China, OpenAI, NVIDIA, xAI, TSMC, Stargate, and AI Megaclusters

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Dylan’s X: https://x.com/dylan522p SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/ Nathan’s X: https://x.com/natolambert Nathan’s Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/ Nathan’s Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast Nathan’s Website: https://www.natolambert.com/ Nathan’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert Nathan’s Book: https://rlhfbook.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (13:28) – DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 (35:02) – Low cost of training (1:01:19) – DeepSeek compute cluster (1:08:52) – Export controls on GPUs to China (1:19:10) – AGI timeline (1:28:35) – China’s manufacturing capacity (1:36:30) – Cold war with China (1:41:00) – TSMC and Taiwan (2:04:38) – Best GPUs for AI (2:19:30) – Why DeepSeek is so cheap (2:32:49) – Espionage (2:41:52) – Censorship (2:54:46) – Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL (3:05:17) – OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1 (3:24:25) – NVIDIA (3:28:53) – GPU smuggling (3:35:30) – DeepSeek training on OpenAI data (3:45:59) – AI megaclusters (4:21:21) – Who wins the race to AGI? (4:31:34) – AI agents (4:40:16) – Programming and AI (4:47:43) – Open source (4:56:55) – Stargate (5:04:24) – Future of AI

316 min

#458 – Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Marc’s X: https://x.com/pmarca Marc’s Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com Marc’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (12:46) – Best possible future (22:09) – History of Western Civilization (31:28) – Trump in 2025 (39:09) – TDS in tech (51:56) – Preference falsification (1:07:52) – Self-censorship (1:22:55) – Censorship (1:31:34) – Jon Stewart (1:34:20) – Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan (1:43:09) – Government pressure (1:53:57) – Nature of power (2:06:45) – Journalism (2:12:20) – Bill Ackman (2:17:17) – Trump administration (2:24:56) – DOGE (2:38:48) – H1B and immigration (3:16:42) – Little tech (3:29:02) – AI race (3:37:52) – X (3:41:24) – Yann LeCun (3:44:59) – Andrew Huberman (3:46:30) – Success (3:49:26) – God and humanity PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

237 min

Episodes

#477 – Keyu Jin: China’s Economy, Tariffs, Trade, Trump, Communism & Capitalism

#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games

#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting

#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East

#472 – Terence Tao: Hardest Problems in Mathematics, Physics & the Future of AI

#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet

#470 – James Holland: World War II, Hitler, Churchill, Stalin & Biggest Battles

#469 – Oliver Anthony: Country Music, Blue-Collar America, Fame, Money, and Pain

#468 – Janna Levin: Black Holes, Wormholes, Aliens, Paradoxes & Extra Dimensions

#467 – Tim Sweeney: Fortnite, Unreal Engine, and the Future of Gaming

#466 – Jeffrey Wasserstrom: China, Xi Jinping, Trade War, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mao

#465 – Robert Rodriguez: Sin City, Desperado, El Mariachi, Alita, and Filmmaking

#464 – Dave Smith: Israel, Ukraine, Epstein, Mossad, Conspiracies & Antisemitism

#463 – Douglas Murray: Putin, Zelenskyy, Trump, Israel, Netanyahu, Hamas & Gaza

#462 – Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson: Politics, Trump, AOC, Elon & DOGE

#461 – ThePrimeagen: Programming, AI, ADHD, Productivity, Addiction, and God

#460 – Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India – Power, Democracy, War & Peace

#459 – DeepSeek, China, OpenAI, NVIDIA, xAI, TSMC, Stargate, and AI Megaclusters

#458 – Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America

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Episodes

#477 – Keyu Jin: China’s Economy, Tariffs, Trade, Trump, Communism & Capitalism

#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games

#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting

#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East

#472 – Terence Tao: Hardest Problems in Mathematics, Physics & the Future of AI

#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet

#470 – James Holland: World War II, Hitler, Churchill, Stalin & Biggest Battles

#469 – Oliver Anthony: Country Music, Blue-Collar America, Fame, Money, and Pain

#468 – Janna Levin: Black Holes, Wormholes, Aliens, Paradoxes & Extra Dimensions

#467 – Tim Sweeney: Fortnite, Unreal Engine, and the Future of Gaming

#466 – Jeffrey Wasserstrom: China, Xi Jinping, Trade War, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mao

#465 – Robert Rodriguez: Sin City, Desperado, El Mariachi, Alita, and Filmmaking

#464 – Dave Smith: Israel, Ukraine, Epstein, Mossad, Conspiracies & Antisemitism

#463 – Douglas Murray: Putin, Zelenskyy, Trump, Israel, Netanyahu, Hamas & Gaza

#462 – Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson: Politics, Trump, AOC, Elon & DOGE

#461 – ThePrimeagen: Programming, AI, ADHD, Productivity, Addiction, and God

#460 – Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India – Power, Democracy, War & Peace

#459 – DeepSeek, China, OpenAI, NVIDIA, xAI, TSMC, Stargate, and AI Megaclusters

#458 – Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America

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